tamilkamathaigal

Several people asked me how you connect an ISP programmer to an ATMega8. It never occured to me that this could be a problem for anyone. But anyway, here is a schematic. Over time, I will write a tutorial on how to program AVR controllers. Please note that the header shows Atmel's standard pinout for the 10-pin ISP header. Most programmers use that same pinout. But to be safe you should check

The transistor as current sourceIn part 3 of this tutorial we looked briefly at several current sources, which contain integrated circuits. In this part, we will look in more detail at a simple current source built from a transistor, a zener diode and two resistors. The basic principle for this circuit is to start with a fixed reference voltage. This voltage is then translated to a fixed